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Camino Native Token / CRC-20

What is a Camino Native Token?​

A Camino Native Token (CNT) is a fixed-cap or variable-cap token created on the X-Chain. These tokens can be exchanged at lightning fast speeds on the X-Chain, which takes advantage of the superior performance of a DAG over a linear chain. In this document, Camino Native Tokens do not include non-fungible tokens (NFTs) created on the X-Chain.

Why move an CNT from the X-Chain to the C-Chain?​

Smart contract functionality requires a total ordering of state transitions (transactions). As a result, CNTs must be moved to the C-Chain if they are to be used in smart contracts.

Tokens on the C-Chain​

CAM​

CAM plays the same role on the C-Chain that ETH does on the Ethereum Network. When you create or call a smart contract, you pay the transaction fee (gas cost) with CAM. You can transfer CAM between accounts and send CAM to a smart contract using native EVM tools and libraries.

CNTs​

CNTs, however, have no counterpart within the EVM. Therefore, the C-Chain has some modifications to support holding CNT balances and transferring CNTs on the C-Chain.

The C-Chain keeps a mapping [assetID -> balance] in each account's storage to support CNTs. These tokens can be exported back to the X-Chain, or they can be used on the C-Chain using nativeAssetCall and nativeAssetBalance. nativeAssetCall and nativeAssetBalance are precompiled contracts released in Apricot Phase 2 that allow richer use of CNTs on the C-Chain.

nativeAssetCall​

An EVM Transaction is composed of the following fields:

  • nonce Scalar value equal to the number of transactions sent by the sender.
  • gasPrice Scalar value equal to the number of Wei (1 Wei = 10^-18 CAM) paid per unit of gas to execute this transaction.
  • gasLimit Scalar value equal to the maximum amount of gas that should be used in executing this transaction.
  • to The 20 byte address of the message call's recipient. If the transaction is creating a contract, to is left empty.
  • value Scalar value of native asset (CAM), in Wei (1 Wei = 10^-18 CAM), to be transferred to the message call's recipient or in the case of a contract creation, as an endowment to the newly created contract.
  • v, r, s Values corresponding to the signature of the transaction.
  • data Unlimited size byte array specifying the input data to a contract call or, if creating a contract, the EVM bytecode for the account initialization process.

nativeAssetCall is a precompiled contract at address 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000002. nativeAssetCall allows users to atomically transfer a native asset to a given address and, optionally, make a contract call to that address. This is parallel to how a normal transaction can send value to an address and atomically call that address with some data.

Note: the caller of nativeAssetCall is forwarded to the address defined in the call. This means that when Address A invokes a contract through nativeAssetCall, the contract will pereceive the caller (or msg.sender) as Address A. This enables the deposit logic that we use to create CRC-20 contracts.

nativeAssetCall(address addr, uint256 assetID, uint256 assetAmount, bytes memory callData) -> {ret: bytes memory}

These arguments can be packed by abi.encodePacked(...) in Solidity since there is only one argument with variadic length (callData). The first three arguments are constant length, so the precompiled contract simply parses the call input as:

+-------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| address     : address       |                       20 bytes |
+-------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| assetID     : uint256       |                       32 bytes |
+-------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| assetAmount : uint256       |                       32 bytes |
+-------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| callData    : bytes memory  |            len(callData) bytes |
+-------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
                              |       84 + len(callData) bytes |
                              +--------------------------------+

Example

For example, to send an CNT with an assetID of 2nzgmhZLuVq8jc7NNu2eahkKwoJcbFWXWJCxHBVWAJEZkhquoK from address 0x8db97C7cEcE249c2b98bDC0226Cc4C2A57BF52FC to address 0xDd1749831fbF70d88AB7bB07ef7CD9c53D054a57, first convert the assetID to hex, 0xec21e629d1252b3540e9d2fcd174a63af081417ea6826612e96815463b8a41d7. Next concatenate the address which is receiving the CNT, assetID and assetAmount and POST the value as the data param to the 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000002 address using the eth_sendTransaction RPC.

curl --location --request POST 'https://columbus.camino.network:443/ext/bc/C/rpc' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data-raw '{
    "id": 1,
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "method": "eth_sendTransaction",
    "params": [
        {
            "to": "0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000002",
            "from": "0x8db97C7cEcE249c2b98bDC0226Cc4C2A57BF52FC",
            "value": "",
            "gas": "0x2DC6C0",
            "gasPrice": "0x34630B8A00",
            "data": "0xDd1749831fbF70d88AB7bB07ef7CD9c53D054a57ec21e629d1252b3540e9d2fcd174a63af081417ea6826612e96815463b8a41d7000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012c"
        }
    ]
}'
{
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "id": 1,
    "result": "0x451ffb79936be1baba438b591781192cbc9659d1f3a693a7a434b4a93dda639f"
}

nativeAssetBalance​

nativeAssetBalance is a precompiled contract at address 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000001. nativeAssetBalance is the CNT equivalent of using balance to get the CAM balance.

nativeAssetBalance(address addr, uint256 assetID) -> {balance: uint256}

These arguments can be packed by abi.encodePacked(...) in Solidity since all of the arguments have constant length.

+-------------+---------------+-----------------+
| address     : address       |        20 bytes |
+-------------+---------------+-----------------+
| assetID     : uint256       |        32 bytes |
+-------------+---------------+-----------------+
                              |        52 bytes |
                              +-----------------+

Example

For example, to get the balance of address 0x8db97C7cEcE249c2b98bDC0226Cc4C2A57BF52FC and assetID 2nzgmhZLuVq8jc7NNu2eahkKwoJcbFWXWJCxHBVWAJEZkhquoK, first convert the assetID to hex, 0xec21e629d1252b3540e9d2fcd174a63af081417ea6826612e96815463b8a41d7. Next concatenate the address and assetID and POST the value as the data param to the 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000001 address using the eth_call RPC.

curl --location --request POST 'https://columbus.camino.network:443/ext/bc/C/rpc' \
--header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
--data-raw '{
    "id": 1,
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "method": "eth_call",
    "params": [
        {
            "to": "0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000001",
            "data": "0x8db97C7cEcE249c2b98bDC0226Cc4C2A57BF52FCec21e629d1252b3540e9d2fcd174a63af081417ea6826612e96815463b8a41d7"
        },
        "latest"
    ]
}'
{
    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
    "id": 1,
    "result": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000012c"
}

CRC-20s​

An CRC-20 is an ERC-20 token that wraps an underlying Camino Native Token, similar to how WCAM wraps CAM.

What is an ERC-20​

An ERC-20 is a standardized token type on Ethereum. It presents a standard set of functions and events that allow a smart contract to serve as a token on Ethereum. For a complete explanation, read the original proposal here.

ERC-20s expose the following interface:

// Functions
function name() public view returns (string)
function symbol() public view returns (string)
function decimals() public view returns (uint8)
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256)
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 balance)
function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success)
function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success)
function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool success)
function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public view returns (uint256 remaining)

// Events
event Transfer(address indexed _from, address indexed _to, uint256 _value)
event Approval(address indexed _owner, address indexed _spender, uint256 _value)

An ERC-20 is implemented by a smart contract, meaning they maintain their own state. That is, if your account owns 5 of a given ERC-20, then the data that gives your account ownership is actually stored in that ERC-20's contract. By contrast, an ETH balance is kept in your own account's storage.

From CNT to CRC-20​

Unlike ERC-20s, Camino Native Tokens (CNTs) are stored directly on the account that owns them. CNTs can be "wrapped" in order to make them usable in smart contracts on the C-Chain. We call this wrapped asset an CRC-20. To do this, we add an assetID field to a regular ERC-20 contract to represent the underlying asset that the CRC-20 wraps.

Additionally, the CRC-20 contract supports two additional functions: withdraw and deposit. To implement this, CRC-20s need to use the precompiled contracts: nativeAssetCall and nativeAssetBalance.

Contract Balance / Total Supply​

ERC-20s typically have a total supply field, but this can mean different things in the context of a wrapped asset. The total supply could indicate the total supply of the non-wrapped asset on the entire platform or the amount of the asset in the wrapper contract.

For simplicity, we use total supply to indicate the total supply of the wrapped asset in the CRC-20 contract.

CRC-20 Deposits​

In order to deposit funds into an CRC-20, we need to send the CRC-20 contract the deposit amount and then invoke the contract's deposit function so that the contract can acknowledge the deposit and update the caller's balance. This is similar to WETH (Wrapped ETH) on Ethereum. With WETH, this can be accomplished with a simple call because that method allows the caller to both send ETH and invoke a smart contract atomically. With non-CAM CRC-20s, nativeAssetCall allows the same functionality for CNTs on the C-Chain.

For example:

  • nonce: 2
  • gasPrice: 225 gwei
  • gasLimit: 3000000
  • to: 0x0100000000000000000000000000000000000002
  • value: 0
  • v, r, s: [Transaction Signature]
  • data: abi.encodePacked(arc20Address, assetID, assetAmount, abi.encodeWithSignature("deposit()"))

This transfers assetAmount of assetID to the address of the CRC-20 contract and then calls deposit() on the contract.

The deposit function uses the previous value of the total supply to calculate how much of assetID it has received in the deposit. Because nativeAssetCall propagates its caller to the contract being invoked, when deposit is called, the CRC-20 contract sees msg.sender as the original caller of nativeAssetCall and can increment the balance on behalf of the correct address accordingly.

Note: the contract's balance of assetID may become out of sync with the total supply if someone sends funds to the contract without calling deposit(). In this case, the next account that calls deposit() would receive credit for the previously sent funds.

    function deposit() public {
        uint256 updatedBalance = NativeAssets.assetBalance(address(this), _assetID);
        uint256 depositAmount = updatedBalance - _totalSupply;
        assert(depositAmount >= 0);

        _balances[msg.sender] += depositAmount;
        _totalSupply = updatedBalance;
        emit Deposit(msg.sender, depositAmount);
    }

CRC-20 Withdrawals​

When an CRC-20 contract receives a withdrawal request, it simply verifies that there's a sufficient account balance, updates the balance and total supply, and sends the funds to the withdrawer with nativeAssetCall. The CRC-20s withdraw function looks like this:

    function withdraw(uint256 value) public {
        require(_balances[msg.sender] >= value, "Insufficient funds for withdrawal");

        _balances[msg.sender] -= value;
        _totalSupply -= value;

        NativeAssets.assetCall(msg.sender, _assetID, value, "");
        emit Withdrawal(msg.sender, value);
    }